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Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson was born on 8 December 1832 in Kvikne, Norway. He was a writer, known for Fairy of Solbakken (1919), En glad gutt (1932) and Synnöve Solbakken (1934). He was married to Karoline Reimers. He died on 26 April 1910 in Paris, France.Literaturnobelpreis 1903- Writer
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Frédéric Mistral was born on 8 September 1830 in Maillane, Provence, France. He was a writer and actor, known for Mireille (1934), Mireille's Sincere Love (1909) and Mireille (1922). He was married to Marie Louise Aimée Rivière. He died on 25 March 1914 in Maillane, Provence, France.Literaturnobelpreis 1904- José Echegaray y Eizaguirre was born on 19 April 1832 in Madrid, Spain. José was a writer, known for Lovers? (1927), The Celebrated Scandal (1915) and The World and His Wife (1920). José died on 14 September 1916 in Madrid, Spain.Literaturnobelpreis 1904
- Henryk Sienkiewicz was born on 5 May 1846 in Wola Okrzejska, Poland, Russian Empire [now Wola Okrzejska, Lubelskie, Poland]. He was a writer, known for Quo Vadis (1951), Na jasnym brzegu (1921) and Invasion 1700 (1962). He was married to Maria Babska, Maria Romanowska and Maria Emilia Kazimiera Szetkiewicz. He died on 15 November 1916 in Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland.Literaturnobelpreis 1905
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Rudyard Kipling was born in Bombay, Maharashtra, India, the son of John Lockwood Kipling, a museum director and author and illustrator. This was at the height of the "British Raj", so he was brought up by Indian nurses ("ayahs"), who taught him something of the beliefs and tongues of India. He was sent "home" to England at the age of six to live with a foster mother, who treated him very cruelly. He then spent five formative years at a minor public school, the United Services College at Westward Ho! which inspired "Stalky & Co.". He returned to India as a journalist in 1882. By 1890 he had published, in India, a major volume of verse, "Departmental Ditties", and over 70 Indian tales in English, including "Plain Tales from the Hills" and the six volumes of the "Indian Railway Library". When he arrived in London in October 1889, at the age of 23, he was already a literary celebrity. In 1892 he married Caroline Balestier, the daughter of an American lawyer, and set up house with her in Brattleboro, Vermont, where they lived for four years. While in Vermont he wrote the two "Jungle Books" and "Captains Courageous". In 1901 he wrote "Kim" and in 1902 "The Just So Stories" that explained things like "How the Camel Got Its Hump". From 1902 they made their home in Sussex, England. He subsequently published many collections of stories, including "A Diversity of Creatures", "Debits and Credits" (1926) and "Limits and Renewals" (1932). These are now thought by many to contain some of his finest writing, although his introspection may well have been influenced by the death of their only son in the First World War. Although vilified by some as "the poet of British imperialism" in the past, nowadays he may be regarded as a great story-teller with an extraordinary gift for writing of peoples of many cultures and classes and backgrounds from the inside.(1865 - 1936) / LITERATURNOBELPREIS 1907 / Englisch- Writer
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Lagerlöf made her debut in 1891 with The Gösta Berling saga, a story about her own region, Värmland and her home, the country manor Mårbacka. With her novel she starts the wave of romantic nationalist literature in Sweden of the 1890s. Her novel Jerusalem (1901-02) is about religious emigrants from Sweden to Palestine. She is the author of Sweden's most read novel, The Adventures of Nils Holgerssons (1906), a story about a boy traveling across Sweden on the back of a goose. Her stories often evolve around folklore and supernatural events. One of the peaks in her career was her novel The Emperor of Portugal (1914). In 1907 she got a honorary degree at the University of Uppsala, in 1909 she got the Nobel Prize and 1914 she became a member of the Swedish Academy. Her home Mårbacka is now a museum visited by thousands of tourists every year.(1858 - 1940) / LITERATURNOBELPREIS 1909 / Schwedisch- Paul Heyse was born on 13 March 1830 in Berlin, Germany. He was a writer, known for Your Favorite Story (1953) and Zwei Liebesgeschichten (1980). He was married to Anna Schubart and Margaret Kugler. He died on 2 April 1914 in Munich, Germany.(1830 - 1914) / Literaturnobelpreis 1910 / DEUTSCH
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Maeterlinck was a revolutionary symbolist playwright from Belgium. His influence on modern drama is vast and he was one of the best known figures in Europe in the early twentieth century, both for his plays and his philosophical writings. Best known today for his fantasy play "The Blue Bird", which has been adapted into a number of films, but most of his work was darker and even horrifying. Death was a frequent character in his plays, and his use of rythmic repepetive dialogue gave his plays a mesmeric quality. His best plays are probably "The Sightless" and "Pelleas and Melisande".Literaturnobelpreis 1911- Writer
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Gerhart Hauptmann was born on 15 November 1862 in Obersalzbrunn, Lower Silesia, Germany [now Szczawno-Zdrój, Dolnoslaskie, Poland]. He was a writer and actor, known for Faust (1926), Rose Bernd (1919) and Die Weber (1927). He was married to Margarete Marschalk and Marie Thienemann. He died on 6 June 1946 in Jagniatków, Jelenia Góra, Dolnoslaskie, Poland.(1862 - 1946) / Literaturnobelpreis 1912 / DEUTSCH- Writer
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Rabindranath Tagore was born on 6 May 1861 in Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India [now India]. He was a writer and composer, known for Song of the Body, Streer Patra (1972) and Natir Puja (1932). He was married to Mrinalini Devi. He died on 7 August 1941 in Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India [now India].Literaturnobelpreis 1913- Romain Rolland was born on 29 January 1866 in Clamecy, Nièvre, France. He was a writer, known for Xiang gui chun qing (1960), Miseraretaru tamasii (1953) and La novela mensual (1972). He was married to Maria Pavlovna Kudachova, Marie Mikhaïlova Cuvillier Koudachev and Clotilde Bréal. He died on 30 December 1944 in Vézelay, Yonne, France.Literaturnobelpreis 1915
- Swedish poet and novelist Verner von Heidenstam was born in Orebro, Sweden, in 1859. His family came from a long line of Swedish nobility, and had a tradition of service in the country's diplomatic corps and military. As a child he was rather sickly and in poor health, and spent much time reading, his favorite subjects being poetry and epic, heroic tales. He began his higher education in Stockholm, but his ongoing health problems forced him to leave school in 1876, and he left Sweden for warmer climes to recuperate. He stayed away for eight yeas, traveling to France, Italy, Germany and Asia. In 1881 he traveled to Paris, France, and studied art at the prestigious Ecole des Beaux Arts. He had married a Swiss girl, much to the disapproval of his family, in 1880 and he and his family were estranged for the next seven years, until they reunited at his father's deathbed in 1887.
He published his first collection of poems, "Pilgrimage: The WanderYears", in 1888. It included some works about his travels in the Orient--a subject which was to infuse a lot of his work--and in 1889 he turned out a novel, "Endymion", which also recounted his experiences traveling in Asia. In 1893 his wife died, and in 1896 he remarried again, but the marriage didn't last long and ended in divorce. In 1899 he was elected to the distinguished Gotenburg Academy of Sciences and Letters, and in that same year he married for the third time, to a woman almost 20 years younger than he. He bought an estate in the Swedish countryside, and not long afterward began publishing a string of novels about his favorite childhood subject, epic tales of heroism and bravery, this time based on ancient Swedish and Scandinavian history. In 1915 he won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his novel "Nya Dikter".
He died in Stockholm, Sweden, aged 80, on May 20, 1940.Literaturnobelpreis 1916 - Karl Gjellerup was born on 2 June 1857 in Roholte, Denmark. He was a writer, known for Kvarnen (1921) and Møllen (1943). He was married to Eugenia Bendix. He died on 11 October 1919 in Dresden, Germany.Literaturnobelpreis 1917
- Henrik Pontoppidan was born on 24 July 1857 in Fredericia, Denmark. He was a writer, known for Thora van Deken (1920), A Fortunate Man (2018) and A Fortunate Man (2018). He was married to Antoinette Kofoed and Mette Marie Hansen. He died on 21 August 1943 in Copenhagen, Denmark.Literaturnobelpreis 1917
- Norwegian novelist Knut Hamsun was born to a poor family and sent to live with an uncle, a commercial fisherman. He grew up without any formal schooling. Hamsun left Norway for the U.S. twice: once in 1882, and again in 1886. Each time he stayed in the U.S. for two years, holding various jobs including farmhand and Chicago streetcar conductor. He was often poverty-stricken. His first novel "Hunger" is autobiographical and about poverty, alienation, and desperation, and, innovatively: consciousness and intense inner states. He returned to Norway and wrote several more novels, all well-received, original, and successful. He won the Nobel Prize in 1920 for "Growth of the Soil," but gradually became reclusive due to his need to write combined with and his cranky temperament. Norwegians were dismayed when in the 1930's he expressed his support for Hitler. Although he claimed his sentiments were more anti-British than pro-German, he spoke in favor of National Socialism and was vilified in Norway. His rocky relations with his children and second wife are the subject of Hamsun (1996). In 1948, he was briefly imprisoned, and his assets were seized by the state. He died penniless in 1952. Hamsun was rehabilitated posthumously, and is again considered one of the great modern Scandinavian novelists.Literaturnobelpreis 1920
- Anatole France, the 1921 Nobel laureate for literature, was born Jacques Anatole Thibault in Paris on April 16, 1844, the son of a Paris book dealer. He attended the Parisian boys' school Collège Stanislas, where he received a classical education, and later matriculated at the École des Chartes. For 20 years after finishing his education, he worked at various positions, including the post of assistant librarian of the French Senate from 1876 to 1890, before devoting himself full-time to writing. He was able to write even when he worked, and in his life-time in which he became the premier French man of letters, he produced a vast output of novels, as well as works in every genre. A story-teller in the French classical style, his literary precursors were Voltaire and Fénélon. His urbane skepticism and enlightened hedonism were in the spirit and tradition of the French enlightenment of the 18th century. His epicurean philosophy was limned in his 1895 book of aphorisms, "The Garden of Epicurus."
France's first great success was the novel "Le Crime de Sylvestre Bonnard (1881), which was honored by the Académie Française. France later became a member of the Académie in 1896. He published an autobiographical novel in 1885, "Le Livre de mon ami" ["My Friend's Book"], which he followed up with "Pierre Nozière" (1899), "Le Petit Pierre" (1918), and "La Vie au fleur" (1922) ["The Bloom of Life"].
France was the literary critic on the "Le Temps" newspaper, and his reviews were published in a four-volume collection entitled "La Vie littéraire" [On Life and Letters] between 1888 and 1892. It was in this period that France wrote historical fiction about past civilizations, focusing particularly on the transition from paganism to Christianity. He published "Balthazar" (1889), a story of the conversion of one of the Magi, and "Thaïs" (1890), about the conversion of an Alexandrian courtesan. In 1891, he published "L'Étui de nacre" ["Mother of Pearl"], the story of a hermit and a faun. It was during this period that the classicist France reacted strongly against Emile Zola's naturalism.
Approximately half of France's output appeared in periodicals and newspapers. The style of his novels was rooted in elegance and a subtle irony. "La Rôtisserie de la Reine Pédauque" ["At the Sign of the Reine Pédauque], a historical novel about life in 18th century France, was published in 1893. It proved to be the most celebrated of France's novels; that same year, he used the central character of the novel, the Abbé Coignard, in "Les Opinions de Jérôme Coignard." The Abbé again appeared in "Le Puits de Sainte Claire" ["The Well of Saint Claire"], a collection of stories published in 1895.
With "Le Lys rouge" ["The Red Lily"], a tragic love story published in 1894, France returned to contemporary fiction. In 1896, he began a cycle of prose works focused on the character of Professor Bergeret, one of his most famous literary creations, in the "Histoire contemporaine," published between 1896 and 1901.
He protested the unjust conviction of Captain Alfed Dreyfuss for treason and the anti-semitism of the French establishment that permitted his persecution, and developed an empathy for socialism. After the Dreyfus Affair, in which he came out in support of Zola, Dreyfus' great champion, France's work became more engaged socially and slanted increasingly towards political satire. In 1908, he published a satire about the Dreyfus Affair, "L'Île des pingouins" ["Penguin Island"]. Also that year, his biography of Joan of Arc was published. His other major works of his later period include "Les Dieux ont soif (1912) ["The Gods are Athirst"], a novel about the French Revolution, and "La Révolte des anges" (1914) ["The Revolt of the Angels].
Anatole France was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1921, "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament." In the presentation Speech by E.A. Karlfeldt, Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, the author of historical novels about the transition from paganism to Christianity was praised for limning "a faith purified by healthy doubts, by the spirit of clarity, a new humanism, a new Renaissance, a new Reformation."
Karlfeldt would go on to praise rance as "the faithful servant of truth and beauty, the heir of humanism, of the lineage of Rabelais, Montaigne, Voltaire, [and ]Renan," but first, he would honor him as embodying the best of French civilization and letters:
"Sweden cannot forget the debt which, like the rest of the civilized world, she owes to French civilization," Karlfeldt said. "Formerly we received in abundance the gifts of French Classicism like the ripe and delicate fruits of antiquity. Without them, where would we be? This is what we must ask ourselves today. In our time Anatole France has been the most authoritative representative of that civilization; he is the last of the great classicists. He has even been called the last European. And indeed, in an era in which chauvinism, the most criminal and stupid of ideologies, wants to use the ruins of the great destruction for the building of new walls to prevent free intellectual exchange between peoples, his clear and beautiful voice is raised higher than that of others, exhorting people to understand that they need one another. Witty, brilliant, generous, this knight without fear is the best champion in the sublime and incessant war which civilization has declared against barbarism. He is a marshal of the France of the glorious era in which Corneille and Racine created their heroes.
France used the occasion to himself honor the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, the Swedish Prime Minister Karl Hjalmar Branting, a diplomat who worked for disarmament and helped draft the Geneva Protocol, a proposed international security system mandating arbitration between belligerent nations. France also denounced the Versailles Treaty as being unjust and a continuation of the Great War and called for the instillation of common sense among diplomats lest Europe meet its doom. After France received his Prize from the King of Sweden, after all the laureates had again ascended the rostrum, France turned to Professor Walther Nernst, the German Nobel laureate for chemistry, and shook his hand cordially for an extended time. The gesture profoundly moved the crowd as the symbolism of the meeting of the heart (literature) and the head (science) and of two nations so recently engaged in waging a ruinous war against each other was not missed. The audience applauded the gesture as a symbol of reconciliation between France, the nation, and Germany.
Anatole France's writings were put on the Index of Forbidden Books of the Roman Catholic Church in the 1920s. Between 1925 and 1935, France's collected works were published in 25 volumes.
Anatole France died on October 12, 1924 in Tours, Indre-et-Loire, France and was buried in the Ancient Cemetery of Neuilly, Hauts-de-Seine.Literaturnobelpreis 1921 - Writer
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Jacinto Benavente was born on 12 August 1866 in Madrid, Spain. He was a writer and director, known for La madona de las rosas (1919), Los intereses creados (1919) and Para toda la vida (1923). He died on 14 July 1954 in Madrid, Spain.Literaturnobelpreis 1922- Writer
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William Butler Yeats was born on 13 June 1865 in Sandymount, County Dublin, Ireland, UK [now Republic of Ireland]. He was a writer, known for Dancing at Lughnasa (1998), Valentines. A Bouquet of Letters and Poetry of Lovers (1994) and Echoes. He was married to Georgiana Hyde-Lees. He died on 28 January 1939 in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France.Literaturnobelpreis 1923- Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont was born on 7 May 1867 in Kobiele Wielkie, Poland, Russian Empire [now Kobiele Wielkie, Lódzkie, Poland]. He was a writer, known for Chlopi (1922), Ziemia obiecana (1927) and Komediantka (1987). He was married to Aurelia Szablowska. He died on 5 December 1925 in Warsaw, Mazowieckie, Poland.Literaturnobelpreis 1924
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The Anglo-Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1925, acquired a reputation as the greatest dramatist in the English language during the first half of the 20th Century for the plays he had written at the height of his creativity from "Mrs. Warren's Profession" in 1893 to "The Apple Cart" in 1929. His works have been revived on Broadway from 1894 to 2010. His most famous work in the 21st Century is My Fair Lady (1964), the musical adaptation of Pygmalion (1938).
A Shavian drama (his reputation was so great, he had his own adjective ascribed to his works) had a biting social critique leavened by humor. According to his Nobel Prize citation, "His ideas were those of a somewhat abstract logical radicalism; hence they were far from new, but they received from him a new definiteness and brilliance. In him these ideas combined with a ready wit, a complete absence of respect for any kind of convention, and the merriest humor - all gathered together in an extravagance which has scarcely ever before appeared in literature."
He was a major international celebrity and a force in British politics, being a charter member of the Fabian Society. The Fabians were committed to democratic socialism, that is, using parliamentary mechanisms to encourage a gradual adoption of socialist policies through political reform rather than revolution.Literaturnobelpreis 1925- Grazia Deledda was born on 27 September 1871 in Nuoro, Sardinia, Italy. She was a writer, known for La grazia (1929), Devotion (1950) and Amore rosso (Marianna Sirca) (1952). She was married to Palmiro Madesani. She died on 15 August 1936 in Rome, Lazio, Italy.Literaturnobelpreis 1926
- Henri Bergson was born on 18 October 1859 in Paris, France. He was a writer, known for Film socialisme (2010), Snow (2020) and Origins of the 21st Century (2000). He was married to Louise Neuburger. He died on 3 January 1941 in Paris, France.Literaturnobelpreis 1927
- Sigrid Undset was born on 20 May 1882 in Kalundborg, Denmark. She was a writer, known for Camera Three (1955), Kristin Lavransdatter (1995) and Jenny (1983). She was married to Anders Svarstad and Anders Castus Svarstad. She died on 10 June 1949 in Lillehammer, Norway.Literaturnobelpreis 1928
- Thomas Mann was probably Germany's most influential author of the 20th century, receiving the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1929. Born on 6 June 1875 in Lübeck, his family moved to Munich in 1893, where he lived until 1933 and wrote some of his most successful novels like "Buddenbrocks" (1901), "Death in Venice" (1912) or "The Magic Mountain" (1924). After the Nazi takeover, the humanist and anti-fascist, married to Katia Pringsheim, daughter of a secular Jewish family, emigrated to Switzerland, then to Princeton and Pacific Palisades in the United States, where he finished his great tetra-logy "Joseph and His Brothers" in 1942. Two years later, he became a naturalized US citizen, but finally returned to Europe in 1952. The famous analyst and critique of the German and European soul died on 12 August 1955 in Kilberg near Zurich.(1875 - 1955) / Literaturnobelpreis 1929 / DEUTSCH
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Sinclair Lewis, the first American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature, was a colossus of American letters in the first half of the last century. Arguably, he is the first major "modern" writer of the 20th century, as there is American literature before "Main Street" (1920) and after that seminal novel, which revolutionized writing in the US. His eminence as a great American writer was eclipsed by Ernest Hemingway, who although more influenced by Sherwood Anderson and Gertrude Stein, owes a debt to Lewis, as do most realists in 20th-century American letters.Literaturnobelpreis 1930