Great sculptors
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- Andrea del Verrocchio was born in 1435 in Florence, Republic of Florence [now Italy]. He died in 1488 in Venice, Republic of Venice [now Italy].
- Constantin Brâncusi was born on 19 February 1876 in Hobita, Romania [now Hobita, Gorj County, Romania]. He died on 16 March 1957 in Paris, France.
- George Segal was born on 26 November 1924 in Bronx, New York, USA. He was an actor, known for Unstrap Me (1968), House of the White People (1968) and Masters of Modern Sculpture Part III: The New World (1978). He was married to Helen Segal. He died on 9 June 2000 in South Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
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Aleksandr Mikhailovich Rodchenko (Alexander Rodchenko) was born on December 5, 1891, in St. Petersburg, Russia. His father, named Mikhail Mikhailovich Rodchenko, was a theatre designer. His mother, named Olga Evdokimovna, was a laundress. From 1908-1910 Rodchenko was a dental technician at Dental School of Dr. Natanson. From 1910-1914 he studied art at the Kazan School of Art under Nikolai Fechin, then at the Stroganov Art Institute in Moscow.
Rodchenko experienced the influence of Kazimir Malevich, Vladimir Tatlin, Wassily Kandinsky, and other artists working in abstract style. He was the pupil and assistant of Vladimir Tatlin, and his work was initially influenced by Cubism, then Cubo-Futurism. His early drawings and paintings followed the developments of Suprematism and Futurism. He worked with a wide variety of media as a decorator, furniture and theatre designer, printer, painter, sculptor, and photographer. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Rodchenko joined the Bolsheviks. He believed in new opportunities for art and became active in many applications of art, illustration, commercial designs, and photography. In 1921 Rodchenko replaced Wassily Kandinsky as Chairman of State Institute of Artistic Culture (INKHUK) and Chairman of Museum Bureau and Russian State Art Acquisitions Commission. In 1921 he co-wrote the Constructivist's Manifesto. He collaborated with writer and actor Vladimir Mayakovsky, director Vsevolod Meyerhold, composer Dmitri Shostakovich, filmmaker Dziga Vertov, and many others. From 1923-1928 he collaborated with Osip Brik in the Left Front of Art (LEF). In 1925 Rodchenko won four silver medals at Paris International Exhibition.
Alexander Rodchenko became one of the founders of Constructivism and Productivism in Russia. His innovations revolutionized the art of still photography. He used his camera as if it was a drawing instrument. He mastered the use of photo-montage, odd angles, wide frames, and photo-series. His way of photographing from unusual and obscured viewpoints, exploring the potential of shadows, opened new dimensions in photo-art. Rodchenko shot his subjects from high above or below angles, to shock the viewer and to postpone recognition. He made important photo-portraits of actress Lilya Brik, writer Osip Brik, actor Vladimir Mayakovsky, director Vsevolod Meyerhold, director Dziga Vertov, director Aleksandr Dovzhenko, and other Russian culture luminaries. He also organized many photography exhibitions. Rodchenko was the art director in several Soviet-made films. His most innovative and interesting work was his graphic design and montage works for advertisements and movie posters, which was his major contribution to film-poster art. His posters for such films as 'Battleship Potemkin' (1925), 'Kinoglaz' (1924), and other works, are regarded among the highest achievements in film-poster art.
In 1928 Rodchenko wrote a manifesto titled "Against the Synthaetic Portrait, For the Snapshot" in which he argues for the documentary objectivity of photography. "Snapshots allow no one to idealize or falsify Lenin", wrote Rodchenko. He was soon attacked by Stalinists and was accused of supporting Trotsky and his ideas. His exhibitions were canceled, he was dismissed from major projects and jobs. For many years he was deprived of livelihood. That caused him a depression, high blood pressure, and other health problems. Rodchenko was officially charged with "bourgeois formalism" and his photography was censored and banned from public shows. However, from 1934-1938, he was commissioned to make several photo-albums for Soviet propaganda, such as: "Belomor-kanal imeni Stalina" and "Krasnaya Armia" (Red Army 1938). Rodchenko made a beatiful job, but remained under suspicion during many years of the dictatorship of Joseph Stalin.
Alexander Rodchenko was in opposition to Socialist realism. From the late 1930's to the end of his life he was forced to quit photography amidst the paranoia of Stalinist censorship. He returned to painting sporadically after 1942, made a series of abstract decorative compositions, but his art was ostracized. He lived in poverty and obscurity for the last twenty years of his life. Rodchenko was constantly harassed by officials for his art, his membership in the Union of Soviet Artists was canceled, and he was made an outcast. His membership was restored only in 1954, after the death of Stalin. Rodchenko died of a stroke on December 3, 1956, in Moscow, and was laid to rest in Donskoe Cemetery in Moscow, Russia.- Art Department
Spencer Moore was born on July 30th, 1898 in Castleford, Yorkshire, England. He was an English sculptor and artist. Moore is known for his semi-abstract monumental bronze sculptures usually of the female body and other public works of art, many of which are located around the world. He founded the Moore Foundation, which supports education and promotion of the arts. Moore volunteered for army service at the start of WWI. At the Battle of Cambrai in 1917 he was injured in a gas attack. During WWII Moore was commissioned by the War Artists Advisory Committee to draw people taking shelter in the underground during the German night bombings as they passively waited for the all-clear, he also drew the contributions of the miners working the coal-faces. Moore had a long and successful career as an artist with many exhibitions throughout his life. He died on August 31, 1986 in Much Hadham, Hertfordshire, England.- Gutzon Borglum was born on 25 March 1867 in Bear Lake, Idaho, USA. He was married to Mary Williams. He died on 6 March 1941 in Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Pablo Picasso, one of the most recognized figures of 20th century art, who co-created such styles as Cubism and Surrealism, was also among most innovative, influential, and prolific artists of all time.
He was born Pablo Ruiz Picasso on October 6, 1881, in Malaga, Spain. He was the first child of Jose Ruiz y Blasco and Maria Picasso y Lopez. His father was an artist and professor of art at the School of Fine Arts, and also a curator of museum in Malaga, Spain. Picasso began studying art under his father's tutelage, continued at the Academy of Arts in Madrid for a year, and went on his ingenious explorations of the new horizons. He went to Paris in 1901 and found the environment conducive for his experiments with new art styles. Gertrude Stein, Guillaume Apollinaire, and André Breton were among his friends and collectors.
Constantly updating his style from the Blue Period, to the Rose Period, to the African-influenced Period, to Cubism, to Realism and Surrealism he was a pioneer with a hand in every art movement of the 20th century. He made some softer and neo-classic artworks during his cooperation with the Russian Ballet of Sergei Diaghilev in Paris. In 1917 Picasso joined the Russian Ballet on tour in Rome, Italy. There he fell in love with Olga Khokhlova, a classical ballerina from the Russian nobility (her father was a General to the Russian Tsar Nickolas II). Picasso painted Olga as a Spanish girl in his painting "Olga Khokhlova in Mantilla" to convince his parents for their blessing, and his idea worked. Picasso and Olga Khokhlova wed in Paris, in 1918, and had one son, Paolo. After their marriage, Olga's high society lifestyle clashed with Picasso's bohemian manners. They separated in 1935, but remained officially married until her death in 1954. Meanwhile, his most famous lovers, Marie Therese Walter and Dora Maar, were also his inspirational models for a series of experimental portraits.
Picasso was a pacifist. His outcry for peace was expressed in large-scale painting Guernica (1937), created after the German bombing of this Spanish city. This powerful composition, showing the brutal inhumanity of war, became his most famous work and turned him into a political celebrity. In 1940 Picasso applied for French citizenship, but was denied it, and remained Spanish. Protected by his fame, he was untouchable even to the Nazis in the occupied Paris. A skillful self-promoter, he used politics, eccentricity, and provocation as a selling tool. Sarcastic harlequin and dominating minotaur were his personal symbols, frequently used in his artworks. His life turned into a PR campaign, playing with scandals; viciousness to his own children, exaggerated virility and beastly treatment of his women. However, he was forgiven by the public. Even his membership in the Communist party and his controversial comments about Joseph Stalin, who awarded Picasso the Stalin Prize for Peace in 1950, were ignored by his admirers. His life-long extraordinary artistic dialogue with Henri Matisse took a form of a "visual conversation" and exchange of their paintings with mutual respect. After WWII he returned to "classical" style and created the "Dove of Peace".
An innovator and a multi-faceted personality, Picasso dominated the 20th century Western Art, spreading his influence beyond art into many aspects of culture and life. In his several film appearances Picasso always played himself. His lifestyle remained as bohemian and vivacious as it was in his youth. Picasso died in style while entertaining his guests at a dinner party, on April 8, 1973, in Mouglins, in southeastern France. Picasso's last words were "Drink to me, drink to my health, you know I can't drink any more." He was interred at Castle Vauvenargues' park, in Vauvenargues, Bouches-du-Rhone, in the South of France.
Pablo Picasso's paintings rank among the most expensive artwork in the world, establishing a price record with $104 million sale of "Garçon a la pipe" in 2004. Picasso produced over 13 thousand paintings or designs, 100,000 prints and engravings, 34 thousand book illustrations and 300 sculptures, becoming the most prolific artist ever.- Barbara Hepworth was born on 10 January 1903 in Wakefield, Yorkshire, England, UK. She is known for Masters of Modern Sculpture Part II: Beyond Cubism (1978), Sister Wendy at the Norton Simon Museum (2002) and Viewpoint (1959). She was married to Ben Nicholson and John Skeaping. She died on 20 May 1975 in St. Ives, Cornwall, England, UK.
- Naum Gabo was born on 5 August 1890 in Bryansk, Oryol Governorate, Russian Empire [now Bryansk Oblast, Russia]. He was married to Miriam Israels. He died on 23 August 1977 in Waterbury, Connecticut, USA.
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Michelangelo Buonarroti was born on 6 March 1475 in Caprese, Florence, Italy. He was a writer, known for So kindly to the cold stone is the fire... (2022), Yksitoista ihmisen kuvaa (2012) and Michelangelo (1963). He died on 18 February 1564 in Rome, Italy.- Jean Arp was born on 16 September 1887 in Straßburg, Alsace, Germany [now Strasbourg, Bas-Rhin, France]. He was a writer and actor, known for Poem: I Set My Foot Upon the Air and It Carried Me (2003), Die Glocken sind auf falscher Spur (1971) and 1-Paart-Dorp (1991). He died on 7 June 1966 in Basel, Switzerland.
- Ernst Barlach was born on 2 January 1870 in Wedel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. He was a writer, known for Barlach-Kantate - Es geht ein kräftiges Atmen (1995), Die echten Sedemunds (1965) and Der blaue boll (1988). He died on 24 October 1938 in Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
- Max Bill was born on 22 December 1908 in Winterthur, Switzerland. He was married to Angela Thomas and Binia Mathilde Spoerri. He died on 9 December 1994 in Berlin, Germany.
- Arno Breker was born on 19 July 1900 in Elberfeld [now Wuppertal], Germany. He was married to Charlotte Kluge and Demetra Messala. He died on 13 February 1991 in Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
- Reg Butler was born on 28 April 1913 in Buntingford, Hertfordshire, England, UK. He was a writer, known for Art for All (1971), British Art and Artists (1958) and Is Art Necessary? (1958). He died on 23 October 1981 in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, England, UK.
- Benvenuto Cellini was a writer, known for Cellini: A Violent Life (1990). Benvenuto died on 13 February 1571 in Florence, Tuscany, Italy.
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Jacob Epstein was born on 10 November 1880 in New York City, New York, USA. He is known for Statues also Die (1953). He was married to Margaret Dunlop. He died on 21 August 1959 in London, England, UK.- Production Designer
Henri Laurens was born on 18 February 1885 in Paris, France. He was a production designer, known for Picasso and Dance (2005) and L'art retrouvé (1945). He died on 5 May 1954 in Paris, France.- Aristide Maillol was born on 8 December 1861 in Banyuls-sur-Mer, Pyrénées-Orientales, France. He was married to Clotilde Narcisse. He died on 27 September 1944 in Banyuls-sur-Mer, Pyrénées-Orientales, France.